Environmental occurrence, fate, impact, and potential solution of tire microplastics: Similarities and differences with tire wear particles

Tire microplastics (TMPs) are identified as one of the most abundant types microplastics, which originate from rubber with intended or unintended release. While increasing knowledge about TMPs concentrates on tire wear particles (TWPs), other potential sources like recycled crumb (RTC) and repair-polished debris (TRD) much less understood. Excessive levels their additives have been fragmentarily reported in environment. The accumulating environmental different may directly indirectly cause adverse impacts environment human health. objectives this review to (1) summarize properties, abundance, environment; (2) analyze fates behaviors TMPs, including roles carrying abiotic biotic co-contaminants; (3) evaluate terrestrial aquatic organisms, well human; (4) discuss solutions mitigate TMP pollution. By collecting analyzing up-to-date literature, enhances our better understanding occurrence, fates, impacts, further highlights critical gaps future research directions that require cooperative efforts scientists, policymakers, public educators.